Saturday, December 28, 2019

Persuation Paper - 862 Words

nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;When watching college athletes participating in their sports, does it ever cross one’s mind that the athletes getting paid? â€Å"The NCAA establishes rules and regulations for universities to follow and one of the most important rules is that student athletes should not receive any money with the exception of scholarships towards their tuition and housing† (Winn). In 1999, the Chronicle of Higher Education surveyed atheletes’ statistics on â€Å"graduation rates for scholarship college athletes in the NCAA’s top Division I.† Fifty-one percent of football players and 41 percent of male basketball players graduated in six years (Meggyesy). NCAA Chief Operating Officer Dan Boggan stated; â€Å"before the eligibility†¦show more content†¦Nobody made a big deal out of Tiger Woods, leaving Stanford early to begin his career in golf. Another athlete, Kobe Bryant, who plays for the L.A. Lakers, went straight out of high s chool to the NBA. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;The typical high school/college athlete is distracted by all the glitter of things and money that schools are offering to the athlete rather than being consured about the education the schools can offer. Let’s say an athlete named Edward Thomas is rated number one in the nation in high school basketball. He has every big time college (university) wanting him badly, even a couple of NBA scouts are checking him out. Thomas even has a couple of highlights on Sports Center already. Now he has it in his head he can go straight to the league in the pros and get paid and finish school later. Thomas thinks that he can go to college for two years to develop better skills, and then he would stack up his paper by playing the pros, making $100,000 a year without a college degree. nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;nbsp;Not too long ago Michigan University was caught for paying their athletes. This incident happened ten years ago, and finally the University got caught . Ed Martin was the head men’s basketball coach at U of M. Martin was caught paying his players to play for him and win a championship. After they won many championships, he was fired because the school found out what he was doing. But the NCAA found out about it, andShow MoreRelatedCyber Security Is One Of The Hottest Topic Essay1693 Words   |  7 Pagesurgency and ownership of cybersecurity problems afflicting the United States as a nation.DISCUSSION: In the last few years lots of development have been made in cyber security but at the same time anti have also developed at a same pace. These kind of papers gives an idea about the problems as a result of which users may get little more alert for all suck situations. As said above its a non ending battle so all one call do is can take suotable measures to protect itself . The more alert we are more secureRead MoreCritical Metaphor Analysis Approach7941 Words   |  32 Pages VII. APPENDIX I I. ------------------------------------------------- INTRODUCTION Rhetoric is the art of persuading others. Persuation is an interactive communicative process in which a message sender aims to influence the beliefs, attitudes and behaviour of the message receiver( cf. Jowettamp; O’Donnell 1992:21-26) Persuation involves exploiting existing beliefs, attitudes and values rather than introducing completely new ones. A persuader analyses an audience in orderRead MoreEssay on War and the Media2546 Words   |  11 PagesWar of 1955-1975, the American press played crucial roles of reporting until it ended up shifting its tone under the influence of occurrence of some events like the Tet Offensive, the My Lai Massacre, the bombing of Cambodia and leaking of Pentagon papers resulting into lack of trust in the press (Knightly 1975). From the beginning of the war up to present times there have been undying debates over the role of media in the war. The have been various criticisms over the American News Media’s actionsRead MoreEssay on Terrorism in Kenya3144 Words   |  13 Pagesthough the ideology behind the attacks suggests that Kenyan and Kenyans were not involved in the political dynamic that precipitated the attacks. The paper seeks to understand the political, social and cultural variables that have thrown Kenya into the geo-political limelight insofar as the so-called ‘War on Terrorism’ is concerned. The paper ends by discussing the security and economic implications of Kenya’s foreign policy positions as they relate to the evolving Middle-East conflicts. PrecipitatingRead MoreInternship Report on Ztbl20418 Words   |  82 Pages here the payment is not in cash, they issue notes to the employees of bank and issue cheques to the outsiders. The basic functions are to make payments to employees or outsiders from whom we have gotten goods or services, and then record them on papers and also on computer database. The main function of this unit is to summarize the record of transactions and to provide different kinds of reports to the needy department and personals. 7.1.4 Inter Branch Transaction Unit (IBTU): In this unit, I haveRead MoreThe Effect of Student Attitudes and Beliefs on Mathematics Education29432 Words   |  118 Pages 1991). In psychology, the Theory of Planned Behaviour (TPB) is a theory about the link between attitudes and behaviour. It was proposed by Icek Ajzen as an extension of the theory of reasoned action (TRA). It is one of the most predictive persuation theories. It has been applied to studies of the relations among beliefs, attitudes, behavioural intentions and behaviours in various fields such as advertising, public relations, campaigns health care etc. TPB can cover peoples voluntary behaviourRead MoreMarketing Management130471 Words   |  522 PagesSubhabrata: Gulas, Charles S; Iyer, Easwar: Shades of Green: A multi-dimensional Analysis of Environmetnal Advertising, journal of Advertising, 1995 6. Kumar, Krishna; â€Å"Meeting the Challenges of a Borderless Economy: Needed a Paradigm Shift?†: Working Paper No. 2001/4, Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow (India), presented in Seminar on WTO Allied Issues held at Indian Institute of Management, Lucknow , February 24-25, 2001 . 7. Donovan R; Henley N. Social Marketing: Principles and Practice. Melbourne:

Friday, December 20, 2019

Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey - 2887 Words

Marie Shear once said that, â€Å"Feminism is the radical notion that women are people† (New Directions for Women, 1986). Women are intriguing, well-rounded, and yet complicated. Some feel empowered while some hide in the shadows. Some women define meaning by having a spouse, while others are content without one. Some women are shy, while others are bold and aggressive. Some women need validation from others, while some women derive the same validation within. All of these traits can exist within the same woman, and as long as women have the freedom to express themselves and be who they want to be, that is all that matters. In her novels, Pride and Prejudice and Northanger Abbey, Jane Austen originates the concept of being a woman and how important it is for women to follow their own paths. Austens continual use of strong female protagonists, which was uncommon during her time period, shows how Austen was a progressive feminist aiming to change the status quo about women and t heir roles in society. During the Georgian society, women were still expected to play the role of devoted mother and housewife; rarely given the opportunity for higher-thinking tasks, such as writing, mathematics or sciences. She defied the world around her, and became an extremely well-known writer, despite the fact that women writers were not exactly well thought of in the late 1700s, early 1800s. Her stories are witty and pithy; her characters are peopled with a wide variety of traits, some amazinglyShow MoreRelatedNorthanger Abbey as a Precursor to Pride and Prejudice Essay1614 Words   |  7 PagesJane Austen’s Northanger Abbey is frequently described as a novel about reading—reading novels and reading people—while Pride and Prejudice is said to be a story about love, about two people overcoming their own pride and prejudices to realize their feelings for each other. If Pride and Prejudice is indeed about how two stubborn youth have misjudged each other, t hen why is it that this novel is so infrequently viewed to be connected to Austen’s original novel about misjudgment and reading one’s fellowsRead MoreLiving in Social Classes in Jane Austins Novels816 Words   |  3 Pageslife and she did not get married. Jane began writing stories as a kid to entertain her friends. In spite of the fact that she had finished writing Pride and Prejudice in 1798, she published her first book, Sense and Sensibility, in 1811. Mansfield Park and Emma came soon after in a couple of years. Austen published her books anonymously. Northanger Abbey and Persuasion were published in 1818, after she died. Jane was a respected as author. In 1925, Sanditon, a book that Jane was in the middle of writingRead MoreEssay about Feminism in Jane Austen1034 Words   |  5 Pageslarger and more trifling part of the sex, imbecility in females is a great enhancement of their personal charms, there is a portion of them too reasonable and too well informed th emselves to desire any thing more in woman than ignorance.quot; -- Northanger Abbey quot;...when a young lady professes to be of a different opinion from her friends, it is only a prelude to something worse. -- She begins by saying that she is determined to think for herself, and she is determined to act for herself -- andRead MoreEssay on Authenticity in Northanger Abbey1544 Words   |  7 PagesNorthanger Abbey:  Ã‚  Authenticity  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚     In what is for Jane Austen an uncharacteristically direct intervention, the narrator of Northanger Abbey remarks near the end: The anxiety, which in the state of their attachment must be the portion of Henry and Catherine, and of all who loved either, as to its final event, can hardly extend, I fear, to the bosom of my readers, who will see in the tell-tale compression of the pages before them, that we are all hastening together to perfect felicityRead MoreJane Austen s Love With Love1104 Words   |  5 Pagesflow at the melancholy idea. (Austen) Jane moved on with her writing career and wrote the first draft of First Impressions, which would go on to become her most famous novel Pride and Prejudice. She also finished writing Susan, Sir Charles Grandison or the Happy Man, and Elinor and Marianne. Susan would become Northanger Abbey and Elinor and Marianne would become Sense and Sensibility. (Alex, para. 10) Jane s father tried to get one of her works published by Thomas Cadell, but it was rejected. (paraRead MoreThe Jane Austen789 Words   |  3 PagesLeFroy’s family soon sent him away. After her short-lived account with Lefroy, Austen began work on a second novel called First Impressions. This would later become the famous Pride and Prejudice. After this, Jane began a severe modification of her primary draft for Sense and Sensibility. She also was working on Northanger Abbey. The Austen family remained at the Steventon residence until 1801. When Janes father announced that he was going to retire from the ministry he worked at. He then movedRead MoreThe Social Fabric Of Late Eighteenth- And Early Nineteenth Century England2017 Words   |  9 Pagesmust be in want of a wife.† Jane Austen provides subsequent argument with the first line of her novel, Pride and Prejudice. A statement that remains true to this very day. Austen’s first statement sets up the beginning of the novel. She states that a man, financially well off, but with no one to accompany him to share in his wealth, is undoubtedly in search of a wife. In Pride and Prejudice, Mr. Bingley and Mr. Darcy play the role of rich men. Mr and Mrs. Bennet are the parents of five unwed daughtersRead More jane austen Essay1047 Words   |  5 Pagesnot enable her to travel in the most elite circles, she was a frequent visitor to Assembly Room events and made regular trips to the Pump Room, another of the citys centres of social life. Bath serves as the locale for scenes in two novels, Northanger Abbey and Persuasion, and both draw heavily on her experiences there. Jane apparently used her time in Bath primarily to gather material for future novels, or to infuse into revisions of her previous ones; she did not begin any of her six novels duringRead MoreHow Jane Austen Became a Great Author Essay804 Words   |  4 PagesJane Austen is known for many of her great literature works. She has written six novels including Pride and Prejudice and Emma. When publishing her first four novels, Austen published them anonymously. Austen’s novels were extremely popular while she was living but became increasingly more popular after her death. Jane Austen’s unique style of writing was picked up on by nineteenth-century authors and used in their works (Steinbach). On December 16th, 1775, an author by the name of Jane Austen wasRead MoreNorthanger Abbey and the Bildungsroman1694 Words   |  7 PagesThe Female Bildungsroman Like other Jane Austen novels, such as Emma or Pride and Prejudice, Northanger Abbeys primary trajectory is the development of the main female character. Even though Catherine Morland is not a typical female Bildungsroman, her realizations in who she is and who she is becoming are very evident throughout the novel. Websters Dictionary defines the Bildungsroman as a novel which traces the spiritual, moral, psychological, or social development and growth of the main

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Energy Deregulation Essay Example For Students

Energy Deregulation Essay As we have witnessed the rolling blackouts and emergency alerts throughout many parts of our state of California within the past 12 months, there is a question waiting to be answered. Why do we have an energy crisis when there are other states that are doing just fine? Before we come to any hasty conclusion, let us ask ourselves what happened to the energy policy during the mid 90s? During that period the electric utilities went from being highly regulated to being deregulated following the trend in successful deregulation of many industries such as airline and telecommunication industries. The concept that deregulation will bring more competitive prices and better services to the public, undermined the negative potentials of the free market system. Deregulation bill must be abolished because it brings higher electricity prices, lower reliabilities of electricity, and also it threatens to drag down our economy along with it. First, we have seen a nation-wide increase in both wholesale and retail electricity prices. In California as an example, the wholesale prices increased seven times last year compared to 1999 (Kahn and Lynch 13). The average residential electric bill almost doubled from $40 to $80 in San Diego when the SDG Es retail price freeze ended in June 2000.1According to Washington Governor Gray Locke, the whole energy prices have gone up from ten to twenty times the prices of a year ago (1).In New York, more specifically in New York City and parts of Westchester County which are one of the first areas in the country to deregulate retail prices entirely, the retail rates have increased almost 30% (Eisenberg 47). This is bad when you consider that ones that are going to be most hurt from these unreasonably high electricity prices will be the individuals and families that are in the low-income bracket. Second, the reliability of electricity was compromised throughout many parts of our state, affecting both residential and business sectors. On June 14, 2000, about 100,000 customers were blacked out in San Francisco Bay Area (Kahn and Lynch 9-10). According to Lorenco Goncalves, the CEO of California steel industries, We were interrupted 14 times this month January compared to not once from 1987 to 1998. So many other industries depend on what we send themIf they cant depend on my products, they will buy them elsewhere (Wood and Sherer). These uncertain interruptions are causing a lot of damage in our economy. Jack Kyser, director of the Los Angeles Economic Development Council, asserts that, Concern is rippling through every business in the state, because they are getting calls from customers wondering if they will be able to deliver (Wood and Scherer). The estimated loss from the rolling blackouts in January is $1.8 billion according to Mr. Kyser (Wood and Sherer). A plan that was supposed to deliver better services, has in turn given more troubles to the public. Finally, there is another problem associated with deregulation and that is price gouging. When the big three utilities were ordered to sell their generation plants to prepare for deregulation, many private companies purchased those power plants.These plants generate electricity that is then purchased by utilities that control transmission and distribution of electricity. However, many private companies who own the plants allegedly created an artificial shortage which results in price spikes (Sloan, Allan). This is a perfect example why public utilities, especially the electric utilities, should not be deregulated. When people take full advantage of the supply and demand such as in this case, the outcome is certainly instability and disorder of our public utility system. .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postImageUrl , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:visited , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active { border:0!important; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:active , .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516 .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ud421b1dded4b46cc40684e352f649516:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Importance of Arts Education Essay ThesisDespite the fact that deregulation was a huge failure in California, the proponents of deregulation argue that it can work to bring more choices and competitive prices. The best real example comes from the state of Pennsylvania where its residents saved $3 billion on their electric bills after the state adopted deregulation bill (Eisenberg 46). Another example is the state of Texas. Eisenberg says that, state officials are guaranteeing a 6% rate cut from the get-go when retail deregulation takes effect next year (Eisenberg 47). However, there are other states that had been deregulated but did not experience more competitive rates. A ccording to Eisenberg, the electric

Wednesday, December 4, 2019

A View from the Bridge literature essay example Example For Students

A View from the Bridge literature essay example Compare and contrast the personalities, behaviour and attitudes of the two brothers in A View from the Bridge. To what extent is it fair to say that they exchange roles in the course of the play?  In Arthur Millers play A View from the Bridge, Marco and Rodolfo are the two brothers who are Italian immigrants who moved illegally to the United States to find work. During the time Italy was suffering from enormous poverty, and in the play the two brothers work as longshoremen in order to earn money: however both brothers have different reasons for doing this. Marcos plan is to make enough money to send to his wife and three children back home in Italy, who are starving. Rodolfo on the other hand has come to earn money with no prior responsibilities. He is a free agent who wants to become an American citizen. From the beginning of the play we see that Marco and Rodolfo have very different character traits and characteristics. It could be said that Marco fits the typical Italian stereotype, strong with dark hair and skin, with his main priority being his family. Rodolfo however is not, as he has blonde hair, and this shocks the characters (especially Catherine) first impressions of him when he arrives, as Catherine says wondrously,  How come hes so dark and your so light, Rodolfo? A prominent characteristic of Marco that comes across from the beginning of the play is a honourable, heroic one. He gains most of the characters respect in the play as he is strong and could easily load the whole ship by himself, the reason for his being there also gains respect; as he left his family to give them support and save his eldest son who is sick in the chest. Rodolfo gains the respect of the other characters via completely different means. As a character Rodolfo is young spirited, he is a dreamer who likes to sing and make everyone laugh, and it is his good spirited nature that people (excluding Eddie) respect him for. An example is Mikes summary of him when talking to Eddie,  Well he aint excakly funny, but hes always like makin remarks like, yknow? He comes around, everybodys laughin. So in the play Marco is seen as a hero and Rodolfo is seen as a comedian.  By the end of Act one we see a side to Marco that has not before been seen. In the play is he a relatively quiet/flat character Marco dont say much, who puts Rodolfo right when he is not pleasing Eddie, he is the one in charge,  if he does wrong you must tell him, what does he do wrong Eddie?  Although at the end of Act one Marcos actions lead us to the discovery of a violent side, which Marco uses to defend his honour. Marco becomes aggressive by silently threatening Eddie by lifting the chair, but his rage is driven by his duty to his family, due to Eddie making a fool out of Rodolfo in front of everybody by asking him to box, and then hurting Rodolfo. This shows another difference between the two brothers. Rodolfo is naive about his situation, and does not realise just how much he is upsetting Eddie. Marco however does see Eddies troubles, and is very aware or the situation: by lifting the chair to Eddie, this proves that what Eddie is doing bothers him. This incident also proves that in the play Marcos actions are stronger than his words. He is very strong, and is obviously aware of that, yet doesnt brag about it, or show it in any way until he has to. As a final insult to Eddie by the end of the play Marco spits in Eddies face, which was at the time the ultimate insult, this is another example of Marcos actions being stronger than his words. .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .postImageUrl , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:hover , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:visited , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:active { border:0!important; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:active , .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731 .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .u7052c3a3fca8ecc8dd86d0d5b35dd731:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Morning star EssayFor the duration of the play we see Rodolfo as an unrealistic character, He dreams, he dreams, although on page 44 we see that Rodolfo is in fact a practical, down to earth person, which is a side to Rodolfo which has not before been seen. When Catherine tests Rodolfo about moving to Italy, Rodolfo becomes realistic and seriously points out to Catherine what would be the point, just to prove a small matter to Eddie. Also his advice to Catherine about Eddie,  If I take in my hands a little bird. And she grows and wishes to fly. But I will not let her out of my hands because I love her so much, is that the right thing for me to do?  Shows that he is per ceptive of the situation and is no longer seen as being so naive. I would say that the complete exchange in roles of the two brothers in the play comes after Eddie gets them both convicted by the immigration authorities. Prior to this Rodolfo had been seen as the victim of the play, as no matter what he said or did he was never going to please Eddie: but after being turned in, Marco becomes the main victim of the play. He is the innocent one, as he has done nothing wrong to Eddie, yet he still gets arrested. In addition he gains the viewers sympathy, as he has no other choice but to go back to his hungry wife and sick children in Italy: unlike Rodolfo who will get let off by marrying Catherine. It is at this part of the play where Rodolfo becomes the responsible brother. He is the one who tries to get Marco to see sense and agree with Alfieri in letting him out of jail, Marco tell the man! Yet Marcos honour to his family is at its full as he believes that what Eddie did was unforgivable, and that the breaking of such a trust is something that in his culture that must never be left unpunished. Marco believes All the law is not in a book! Rodolfo however is willing to forgive and forget and it seems does not seem angry at all, also it is Rodolfo trying to bridge the gap between Marco and Eddie, instead of Marco doing the same for Rodolfo. Throughout the play both characters develop and change. We see Marco turn from a fairly flat character into a rather developed character whose actions speak louder than his words. He turns from being the heroic character, to the main victim; and from the dominant brother who lectures Rodolfo, to the one who Rodolfo tries to make see sense. Rodolfo however is unsuccessful as Marcos family honour means so much to him. We see Rodolfo turn from being a naà ¯Ã‚ ¿Ã‚ ½ve dreamer, to a serious, practical character, who just wishes to please Eddie and live happily with Catherine.

Sunday, November 24, 2019

Free Essays on Cyberlaundering

Introduction This article will explore the latest technique in money laundering: Cyberlaundering by means of anonymous digital cash. Part I is a brief race through laundering history. Part II discusses how anonymous Ecash may facilitate money laundering on the Intenet. Part III examines the relationship between current money laundering law and cyberlaundering. Part IV addresses the underlying policy debate surrounding anonymous digital currency. Essentially, the balance between individual financial privacy rights and legitimate law enforcement interests. In conclusion, Part V raises a few unanswered societal questions and attempts to predict the future. Disclaimer: Although the author discusses this subject in a casual, rather than rigidly formal tone, money laundering is a serious issue which should not be taken lightly. As this article will show, fear of money laundering only serves to increase banking regulations which, in turn, affect everyone's ability to conduct convenient, efficient and relatively private financial transactions. Part I Humble Beginnings In the beginning, laundering money was a physical effort. The art of concealing the existence, the illegal source, or illegal application of income, and then disguising that income to make it appear legitimate 1 required that the launderer have the means to physically transport the hard cash.2 The trick was, and still is, to avoid attracting unwanted attention, thus alerting the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other government agencies 3 involved in searching out ill-gotten gains.4 In what could be described as the "lo-tech" world of money laundering, the process of cleaning "dirty money" was limited by the creative ability to manipulate the physical world. Other than flying cash out of one country and depositing it in a foreign bank with less stringent banking laws,5 bribing a bank teller, or discretely purchasing real or personal property, the classic approach w... Free Essays on Cyberlaundering Free Essays on Cyberlaundering Introduction This article will explore the latest technique in money laundering: Cyberlaundering by means of anonymous digital cash. Part I is a brief race through laundering history. Part II discusses how anonymous Ecash may facilitate money laundering on the Intenet. Part III examines the relationship between current money laundering law and cyberlaundering. Part IV addresses the underlying policy debate surrounding anonymous digital currency. Essentially, the balance between individual financial privacy rights and legitimate law enforcement interests. In conclusion, Part V raises a few unanswered societal questions and attempts to predict the future. Disclaimer: Although the author discusses this subject in a casual, rather than rigidly formal tone, money laundering is a serious issue which should not be taken lightly. As this article will show, fear of money laundering only serves to increase banking regulations which, in turn, affect everyone's ability to conduct convenient, efficient and relatively private financial transactions. Part I Humble Beginnings In the beginning, laundering money was a physical effort. The art of concealing the existence, the illegal source, or illegal application of income, and then disguising that income to make it appear legitimate 1 required that the launderer have the means to physically transport the hard cash.2 The trick was, and still is, to avoid attracting unwanted attention, thus alerting the Internal Revenue Service (IRS) and other government agencies 3 involved in searching out ill-gotten gains.4 In what could be described as the "lo-tech" world of money laundering, the process of cleaning "dirty money" was limited by the creative ability to manipulate the physical world. Other than flying cash out of one country and depositing it in a foreign bank with less stringent banking laws,5 bribing a bank teller, or discretely purchasing real or personal property, the classic approach w...

Thursday, November 21, 2019

Raising the minimum wage Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Raising the minimum wage - Essay Example should not be increased because this will main that small business, which are said to play a very crucial role in the USA economy will be affected negatively and this will have a negative impact on the economy. As Hasset and Strain (Para 15) say, it is â€Å"†¦.because it will make it more expensive for businesses to hire young and low-skill workers at a time of crisis-level unemployment†. The truth is that the minimum wage is a problem in the USA. With big corporations such as Wal-Mart and McDonalds taking advantage of the minimum wage to take advantage of their employees despite the fact that these companies can afford to pay better salaries, there is a need to consider this issue. However, the solution is not to increase the minimum wage for all employers, but to address the issue with much more wisdom. However, there are experts who do not see this is this way. For instance, Cassidy (Para 2) argues that he minimum wages must be raised because of two major factors. First the inflation rates have increased over the years while the minimum wages have remained constant. This means that the workers are getting lower pay than can meet their daily needs because the inflation has reduced the value of the dollars. While the minimum wage does not increase as fast as the inflation rate reduces the value for the dollar, the firms that sell products and services to the consumers increase the prices of their products as soon as the inflation rate has reached a significant level to affect their bottom-line. Secondly, he shows that the American minimum wage is so much lower in comparison to the other first world nations like those in Europe and in Australia. However, what people like Cassidy do not realize that that there are more complicates issues when it comes with macroeconomics. This has bee n addressed by (Finnegan Para 5). Finnegan (Para 3) argues that increasing the minimum wage is not necessarily a poverty panacea and that those who think that this will solve

Wednesday, November 20, 2019

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box Essay

An organisational diagnosis of Nestl-UK using the Weisbord six-box model - Essay Example In a general sense,organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements Project’s overall aims and objectives In a general sense, organisational diagnosis is defined as a tool by which specific knowledge pertaining to reality in an organisation may be established in order to guide managers and other decision makers in understanding the organisation as well as its essential elements, and in formulating necessary interventions (Grave, Gimenez, MendezA & Crubellate, 2001). As applied in this proposed study, however, the organisational diagnosis will be used as an instrument to examine whether or not the components of an organization are synchronous with the other components in order to facilitate the exploration of formal and informal systems, towards the promotion of greater organisational effectiveness as envisioned in Anderson (2010). The motivation to carry out this proposed research study was prompted by a generalization posited in Ely (1999) that â€Å"organizations are not simply gendered; they are also raced and classed† (p. 2). However, none of the studies surveyed during the preliminary review of literature and studies ventured to perform any method of organizational diagnosis to investigate relationships between the outcome of the diagnosis and the profile of the respondents who participated in the exercise. This is a gap in knowledge which this proposed study hopes to address. Hence, this study will attempt to perform an organisational diagnosis of Nestle, UK to identify problems or issues confronting the organization with the end in view of proposing interventions or alternative courses of action. Specifically, the objectives of the proposed study are to: (1) describe the profile of the members of the organisation in terms of gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, s ocio-economic status, position, and work experience; (2) examine the following organisational variables in terms of central tendency and dispersion : purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change; (3) identify the strong points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (4) identify the weak points of the organization based on the empirical results of the diagnosis; (5) investigate significant associations between the ratings generated in each of the organisation variables from the diagnosis and the respondents’ profile variables; (6) formulate strategies / interventions based on the outcome of the organizational diagnosis. The proposed study will be conducted with the Nestle UK headquarters as research locale, situated at St. Georges House, Croydon, Surrey, CR9 1NR. There are about 300 employees working in the Nestle Croydon office. A minimum sample of 119 is required for the office populati on, based on a web-based sample sized calculator (Raosoft, 2004). A screenshot of the calculation output is presented as Appendix A. An organisational diagnostic questionnaire adapted from Preziosi (1980) will serve as the main research instrument. The complete questionnaire is presented with this proposal as Appendix B. The independent variables in this study are the profile variables, namely: gender, age, civil status, ethnicity, socio-economic status, position, and work experience. On the other hand, the dependent variables are the components of the organization as enunciated in Weisbord (2011) and Preziosi (1980) namely: purposes, structure, leadership, relationships, rewards, helpful mechanisms, and attitude towards change. Literature review From a preliminary survey of existing knowledge in this area, there were at least 20 researches carried out since the 1970s, with the pioneering works of Preziosi (1972, 1980) and Weisbord (1976). However, not all the 20 studies utilized We isbord’s six-box model. Some of the earlier studies like that of Armenakis, Bedeian and Niebuhr (1979), Pond, Armenakis and

Monday, November 18, 2019

Performance appraisal system and performance management system Essay

Performance appraisal system and performance management system - Essay Example Performance management systems refer to measures that the organization has put in place with the aim of establishing what employees ought to do in a certain period. For example, it can constitute measures on how the employee should perform in the next quarter of a year, the next sixth months, or the next one year. A performance management system outlines what should be met within a certain time frame, as well as the benefits that accrue to employees when they meet these objectives (Grote 1996, p.17). Differences between performance Appraisal System and Performance Management System There are certain differences, which exist between performance appraisal systems and performance management systems. These differences represent the most fundamental components of the two approaches, as well as how the two approaches differ in terms of what they address. The major differences between performance appraisal and performance management systems lies in the scope of what they aim to cover. While performance management systems represent a traditional approach to the management of human resources, performance management can be termed as a contemporary approach to the management of human resources (Rao 2004, p. 213). ... 333). During performance appraisal, the principal activities that the human resource department engages in include evaluating employees, as well as rating their performance. On the contrary, performance management aims at the review, analysis, and planning of the expected performance of employees, and how an employee should make improvements (Deb 2006, p.201). While performance management can be regarded as a continuous process within the organisation, performance appraisal takes place in an annual basis. In performance management, there may be reviews that take place quarterly while, in performance appraisal, the review of the employee takes place once a year. However, there may be periodic ratings of employees in the course of the year (Rao 2004, p.214). Performance appraisal is a function entirely performed by the human resource department of the organisation. This means that the human resource department has the responsibility to design, evaluates, as well as monitor the implemen tation of the performance appraisal system (Roberts 2003, p.89). On the contrary, the performance management system can be designed by the human resource department, but the implementation of the system can be done by the various departments. In performance appraisal systems, there are reviews that may be conducted to ensure that the ratings of employees enhance objectivity. In performance management systems, the reviews serve the purpose of ensuring that the organization improves its performance (Waal & Counet, 2009). In performance appraisal, the need for making development is identified when the year ends. During performance management, the need for development can easily be

Friday, November 15, 2019

Overview of Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS)

Overview of Ocular Histoplasmosis Syndrome (OHS) Dr Pradeep Venkatesh Histoplasmosis Amol D Kulkarni and Suresh R Chandra Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.1 Introduction Histoplasmosis is a systemic disease caused by Histoplasma capsulatum.1 It produces intracellular granulomatous inflammation of many organs including eyes, lungs, liver, spleen, etc. Ocular histoplasmosis syndrome (OHS) is characterized by a triad of signs –of punched-out atrophic choroidal scars in the macula or periphery, peripapillary atrophy and choroidal neovascular membrane (CNVM).2 Etiology-Aetiology HistoplasmacapsulatumH. capsulatum, a dimorphic fungus, is presumed to play a causative role in the development of OHS.1 There are few reports of pathologic and molecular evidence supporting a the direct role for of H. capsulatum in the development of chorioretinal scars, ; however, no serologic confirmation of histoplasmosis infection has been reported.3,4 A haematogenous dissemination of the fungus results in choroidal invasion and subsequent scarring. Additionally, disseminated histoplasmosis presents with intraretinal infiltrates composed of histoplasma yeast cells that are easily demonstrable on histology. Extensive study of the affected individuals in Europe and the United States has revealed the presence of human leukocyte antigen (HLA)-DR15). 1: Please provide the full form of DR>.5 No full form; it indicates type of HLAThis HLA association suggests that immune reaction is likely to play a major role during the development of scarring and CNVM. H. capsulatum may induced local ized autoimmune reaction in the retina. However, an infection with this fungus is not an absolute requirement for the development of clinical OHS. Because of this lack of association, there has been a suggestion to rename this clinical syndrome as ‘multifocal choroidopathy’. Epidemiology OHS is most common in the Ohio and Mississippi River valleys of the United States, which are endemic for H. capsulatum.6 Up to 70% of the population living in the endemic areas reacts positively to the histoplasmin skin testing and 1.5% exhibits the typical fundus findings. 7It can be a blinding disease in its more severe manifestations. There is no gender predilection, although some reports show a higher prevalence in women. Pathobiology OHS belongs to the spectrum of autoimmune diseases triggered by an infectious organism, with H. capsulatum being one of several candidate pathogens. It is characterized by a chronic reaction to the immunogenic residua of the H. capsulatum, which acts as a nidus for inflammation. Light microscopy reveals mixed inflammatory cells in the choroidal lesions with the loss of overlying retinal pigment epithelium. There are adhesions between the outer retina and choroidal lesions. The genesis of CNVM in OHS is thought to be caused by the disruption of Bruch’s membrane at the site of atrophic scar. Systemic Featuresfeatures Mycilia Mycelia of Histoplasmosishistoplasmoses are inhaled and they transform to the yeast form shortly and infect lungs. They can produce caseation and enlargement of hilar nodes, which produce typical shadows on X-ray. About 90% of cases are benign and do not produce symptoms. In dDisseminated2: Kindly >OK histoplasmosis are is characterized by pyrexia, vomiting and enlargement of liver, spleen, and lymph glands. The Involvement involvement of skin, mouth, gastrointestinal tract and heart may also occur. Ocular Featuresfeatures The clinical findings in OHS include peripapillary atrophy, multiple punched punchedout white atrophic choroidal scars (histo spots), and a macular CNVM, accompanied by the complete absence of a cellular reaction in the anterior chamber or vitreous cavity [(Fig. 40.1(aA)].6 The histo spots are considered to be the earliest stage of the disease, and are usually asymptomatic [(Fig. 40.1 (Bb)]. CNVM will develop in fewer than 5% of individuals with histo spots. The Clinical clinical presentation of CNVM involves acute or insidious onset of painless progressive blurring of central vision and metamorphopsia. The Fundus fundus examination typically shows a yellow-green subretinal discolouration with accumulation of subretinal fluid. In advanced cases, there is subretinal fibrosis leading to disciform scar formation and that is associated with severe central visual loss. 9The exact time frame between the initial choroidal scarring and CNVAQ3: Please check if CNV stands for â€Å"choroidal neovascularization†and CNVM is choroidal neovascular membrane and should be replaced with CNVM>NO development is difficult to determine given that histo spots are asymptomatic. New histo spots may develop in more than 20% of individuals while they are under observation, ; however, only 3.8% progress to CNV. The precipitating factors promoting such progression are not known. Some studies implicate emotional stress and tension headaches as associated events. Diagnosis OHS is a clinical diagnosis and relies on the observation of characteristic fundus lesions in one or both eyes. Intravenous fluorescein angiography (FA) and optical coherence tomography (OCT) can assist in the evaluation of CNVM (Figs. 40.2 and 40.3). FA assists in identifying areas of CNVM and in planning photodynamic therapy. OCT is a useful tool for the detection and monitoring of treatment response. 10 Treatment The optimum treatment of subfoveal and juxtafoveal CNVM is the main focus in OHS. Histo spots are asymptomatic in most cases and require no treatment until a progression of the disease is detected.9-11 Corticosteroids Regimens of systemic corticosteroid therapy were widely used in early studies of ocular histoplasmosis. 12Few clinical studies have evaluated the role of subtenon’s and intraocular triamcinolone. The intravitreal steroids demonstrated favourable visual outcomes; however, they are associated with cataract formation or progression and increased intraocular pressure.13 Laser photocoagulation Laser Photocoagulation photocoagulation effectively inhibits the progression of OHS-related CNV. In randomized trials, the Macular Photocoagulation Study demonstrated that argon and krypton laser photocoagulation is effective in treating well-defined, classic extrafoveal, juxtafoveal, and peripapillary CNV lesions secondary to OHS.14, 15 Only 12% of treated individuals experienced significant disease progression, compared with 42% of the control patients. Surgical therapy The role of submacular surgery for the removal of CNV lesions was evaluated in a multicentere randomized clinical trial. 16The study data indicate that surgery may be beneficial to patients with visual acuity worse than 20/100, and subfoveal CNV. Photodynamic therapy Verteporfin in Ocular Histoplasmosis study enrolled 26 patients prospectively with subfoveal CNV and demonstrated an improvement of visual acuity from baseline as well as an absence of serious adverse events at in 2 years.17 Anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) therapy Several intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) treatments are currently being pursued for the treatment of OHS-related CNV. Few retrospective studies have evaluated the role of intravitreal anti-VEGF therapy for CNV associated with OHS. One such study by Ehrlich et al. found that at least 50% of eyes with subfoveal or juxtafoveal CNV experienced ≠¥>=3 three lines of vision gain and 91.5% to –100% of patients had improved or had stable visual acuity (at 3-– to 12-month follow-up) after the intravitreal bevacizumab therapy. 18Similarly, the results concerning the therapeutic efficacy of ranibizumab are promising. Both treat-and-extend and pro re nata treatment strategies were effective. A study by Nielsen et al. demonstrated that many eyes require long-term anti-VEGF therapy to suppress the choroidal neovascular activity in OHS.19 Suggested reading Smith RE, Ganley JP. An epidemiologic study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1971; 75:994–-1005. Gass JDM, Wilkinson CP. Follow-up study of presumed ocular histoplasmosis. Trans Am Acad Ophthalmol Otolaryngol 1972; 76:672–694. Hawkins BS, Alexander J, Schachat AP. Ocular histoplasmosis. In: Retina. Ryan, SJ, Schahchat, AP, editors. Retina. St. Louis, MO: , Mosby; 20014: Please check the author spelling>. Oliver A, Ciulla TA, Comer GM. New and classic insights into presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome and its treatment. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Jun;16(3):160–165. Prasad AG, Van Gelder RN. Presumed ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Curr Opin Ophthalmol. 2005 Dec;16(6):364–368. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Argon laser photocoagulation for ocular histoplasmosis: results of a randomized trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1983; 101:1347–1357. Macular Photocoagulation Study Group. Krypton laser photocoagulation for neovascular lesions of ocular histoplasmosis: results of a randomized clinical trial. Arch Ophthalmol 1987; 105:1499–-1507. Rosenfeld PJ, Saperstein DA, Bressler NM, et al. Photodynamic therapy with verteporfin in ocular histoplasmosis: uncontrolled, open-label 2-year study. Ophthalmology 2004; 111:1725–1733. Nielsen JS, Fick TA, Saggau DD, Barnes CH. Intravitreal anti-vascular endothelial growth factor therapy for choroidal neovascularization secondary to ocular histoplasmosis syndrome. Retina. 2012 Mar;32(3):468–472. Fig. ure 40.1 Fundus photographs of a patient with OHS showing peri-papillary atrophy and CNV with subretinal haemorrhage in the right eye (A) and macular histo spot in the left eye (B).Choroidal neovascularization Fig. ure 40.2 Early (A) and late (B) phase fluorescein photographs showing CNV with subretinal haemorrhage secondary to OHS. Fig. ure 40.3 OCT scan showing CNV with intraretinal fluid secondary to OHS.

Wednesday, November 13, 2019

Equity :: Papers

Equity In 1066 when William the conqueror came to England the law was very different from today. Itinerant judges who would travel around the country settling any disputes administrated it. They started out using local laws and applying these to cases before them. However, the Normans were keen to develop a law which they could apply to the whole country, a law which would be common to every one. So they gathered what was considered to be the best of different local laws and developed a common law. Soon though many problems were found with common law. It soon became too ridged. Two of the main problems with common law were, that it didn’t offer sufficient remedies and, a civil action could only be taken by use of a â€Å"writ.† A writ was used to set out the cause of the action and the grounds for the claim. The writ became a problem because it had to be made to fit and existing writ. To start with a new writ was created when a suitable previous case could not be found however, it was soon stopped and no new writs could be issued. This meant that some cases were unable to be pursued, as an existing writ that suited the case could not be found. This made many people unhappy with the common law system. The other main reason people were unhappy with the common law system is that insufficient remedies were offered in some cases. The only remedy available was damages, this meant compensation, which was not always satisfactory. As a result of these problems many people became increasingly dissatisfied with the common law system. More and more people began to petition to the king as a â€Å"fountain of justice† for a more suitable

Sunday, November 10, 2019

Course Project Essay

They are Public Website, Manufacturing Support System (MSS), Human Resources System (HRS), and Sales and Marketing System (SMS). Public Website provides information about each of the products, locations where someone can purchase them, and information about how to get warranty support. Details of warranty support and defect rates are not tracked, but the staff has anecdotal stories. The Manufacturing Support System (MSS) maintains the supply chain information necessary for manufacturing the company’s products, such as raw materials, vendors, and prices. The Human Resources System (HRS) maintains and tracks personnel and benefits information. And the Sales and Marketing System (SMS) track the sales and marketing efforts of the company’s sales force. Orders from this system are printed and sent daily to the MSS to be filled. As a senior member of the IT Management Team for SAI Toys, I agree with the Board of Directors and the CEO decision to stay on the forefront of geekness, and therefore the company should integrate all of  its IT systems. In addition, they want to develop a more robust Web presence and sell their products directly to individual customers in addition to selling through traditional retailers, as they currently are doing. My recommendation is that we need to hire more staff if SAI Toys want to stay on the forefront. The company needs to hire professional computer specialist. The integration of new the software into a newly expanded IT system which utilizes in some cases first generation coding on legacy hardware can create operational problems which in-house IT staff may be nable to solve. SAI Toys is not in the computer business. While computers are essential to the design, manufacture and marketing of their products, SAI Toys would be well served by having their IT systems vertically integrated and maintained in a cloud computing environment, eliminating most of their IT department employees in the process (Butcher, 2011). In this report, I will show how the company should go about implementing this ex ecutive directive. The report should include the following sections. The report will also outline the situation, weighs various alternatives, and I will presents a final recommendation for the company. The report will also include the current IT system, overview of the recommended system, the difference between In House and Outsourcing development, the stakeholders’ buy-in, the ERP project failed with lessons learned, and the company’s ROL ;amp; TCO. Current IT Situation To evaluate SAI Toys, using the basic analysis techniques will help us to have an overview of the company and its environment. SWOT is a tool that identifies the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats of an organization. SAI Toys SWOT Analysis is to take the information from an environmental analysis and separate it into internal (strengths and weaknesses) and external issues (opportunities and threats). The Strengths of SAI Toys are: Experienced and successful marketing team, High brand recognition for their unique products, Substantial 25 member IT team, and Quality control ensuring positive consumer feedback. The Weaknesses of SAI Toys are: Highly competitive marketplace, Extensive and continuing R;amp;D investment, Cost containment, and Personnel costs for IT staff (Butcher, 2011). The Opportunities of SAI Toys are: Direct marketing and sales to consumers through company operated websites, Emerging international markets immediately accessible through the internet, and Substantial IT cost reduction through use of cloud computing. The Threats of SAI Toys are: Loss of market share, Major competitors integrating vertically and selling direct, and Changing technology requiring escalating engineering costs (Butcher, 2011). The Competitive Strategy Analysis is the second basis analysis technique to help us to have an overview of the company and its environment. SAI cannot afford the possibility of IT system failure given the highly competitive market in which they operate. New product design, manufacture, and marketing require that their IT system be fully functional 24/7 with no downtime. To sustain growth and revenue and stay ahead of potential competition SAI Toys will need to invest heavily in Research and Development (R;amp;D) on an ongoing basis (Butcher, 2011). This will include further investment in hiring skilled engineering personnel. Because SAI Toys creates unique products which may exclusively dominate a small segment of the market from which all of its revenue is derived, the introduction into the market of a competitor’s similar product with enhanced features and lower retail pricing may severely impact SAI Toys ability to generate sales and revenue (Butcher, 2011). Swimlanes Diagram: AS-IS Diagram Overview of Recommended System The various systems currently in place will be replaced or integrated into the new system. Assuming that SAI Toys has elected to develop an integrated IT system in-house utilizing its current IT structure but expanding operability to allow all four (4) distinct IT systems to communicate with each other, an Organizational Process Performance system evaluation is necessary which will derive quantitative objectives for quality and process performance from the organization’s business objectives (Butcher, 2011). The new system will be the ERP Implementation. There is a Process of ERP Implementation. While ERP is clearly a software solution for SAI, its implementation must be done on an incremental basis to limit interruptions to the existing business structure at SAI. Like all IT changes, problems can and will develop. To minimize the impact on SAI’s ongoing business operation the implementation of ERP should occur during the lapses between product launches or product design and development stages and implementation should be accomplished on a step-by-step basis, one application at a time. Limiting IT installations and disruptions to non-critical time periods will permit the least stressful adoption of the IT structure and allow SAI to maintain its revenue stream without incurring a loss (Butcher, 2011). There are numerous vendors who offer ERP software which would be easily configurable for SAI’s specific requirements. Microsoft, Oracle, Sage, Exact, SAP, and Intuitive each offer ERP software solutions which can manage companies like SAI with up to 1,000 users. Each of these can incorporate e-commerce platforms into the production and supply chain and provide SAI Toys management with instantaneous information reports including warranty claims, product claims, and defective product losses to together with consumer feedback in real-time (Butcher, 2011). Some new features in this system will include: 1) Improved customer satisfaction 2) Increased profitability 3) Reduced costs ) Improved quality and processing times 5) Improved business culture by bridging the gap between the production line and management 6) Improved business performance by focusing team members on eliminating waste across key business processes and workflows (Butcher, 2011). There are many companies out there that have successfully made the transition from a brick and mortar business to an E-Commerce. The E-Commerce can help the company grow and expand. An e-commerce platform can be used for advertising, production, supplier enquiries, negotiations, contracts, orders, billing, payments, and after sales service and other business activities in the process of interactive program management that can simplify the transaction process (Butcher, 2011). SOA would be of benefit to this project. A Service Oriented Architecture (SOA) design principle can be utilized during the phases of systems development and integration. A system based on SOA will package functionality as suite of interoperable services that can be used within multiple separate systems from the four separate systems. SOA also generally provides a way for consumers of services such as web-based applications to be aware of available SOA based services. For example, several disparate departments within a company may develop and deploy SOA services in different implementation languages and their respective clients will benefit from a well understood, well defined interface to access them. SOA defines integration for widely disparate applications for a web-based environment and uses multiple implementation platforms (Butcher, 2011). Rather than defining an API, SOA defines the interface in terms of protocols and functionality. An endpoint is the entry point for such a SOA implementation. Service-orientation requires loose coupling of services with operating systems and other technologies that underlies applications. SOA separates functions into distinct units, or services, which developers make accessible over a network in order to allow users to combine and reuse them in the production of applications. These services and their corresponding consumers communicate with each other by passing data in a well-defined, shared format, or by corresponding an activity between two or more services. SOA is therefore a continuum as opposed to distributed computing or modular programming (Butcher, 2011). Swimlanes diagrams- TO-BE diagram In-House versus Outsourcing Development The benefits and costs of developing this system in-house versus outsourcing the development or purchasing off-the-shelf are very important to consider. Off-the-shelf ERP packages are tested and proven performers which are an essential requirement for a company like SAI Toys which cannot afford the inevitable downtime associated with fragmented software design and installation. On a cost benefit analysis basis the investment in purchasing an off-the-shelf ERP software package is substantially less than the cost of downtime and system inoperability where an in-house software design fails (Butcher, 2011). The ability of the software vendor to de-bug an off-the-shelf system can be measured in minutes or hours versus the possibility and probability of several days of downtime with in-house developed software. The purchase price of an ERP software package can be amortized over a useful lifespan of five years or more and when compared to the prospective recurring downtime of in-house developed software the advantages of an ERP off-the-shelf solution cannot be ignored (Butcher, 2011). To avoid as many pitfalls as possible in the overhaul of SAI’s IT system it is recommended that SAI avoid in-house software development of this magnitude. While some of SAI’s IT staff may be proficient in software development there are the issues of minimum and exacting standards employed in the industry which may not be a consideration for in-house development. CCMI and ISO certifications should also impact the decision here. CMMI and ISO certification are an inherent part of these off-the-shelf software solutions which eliminates the uncertain standards that may be employed in in-house software development (Butcher, 2011). We should develop the system by Some best practices for managing the project type to having a better chance of success are Stakeholder Buy-in and Internal Politics The stakeholders of this system are essential. Once stakeholders are on board with the system development, they are likely to remain involved, supporting the program over its lifetime. We can get them to buy-in and support the system development by keeping them informed throughout the process of the system, including during the evaluation planning, implementation, and reporting phases (Innovation Network, 2002-2012). Stakeholders are valuable assets in evaluation planning, offering: * Assistance in decision-making about continued and prospective funding; * Perspective that helps the program learn, grow, and improve, and * Experience that informs program replication at other sites or organizations. The Stakeholders fall into three levels of program participation or involvement. There are: * Primary stakeholders  are typically major decision makers within a program, and are often the motivators behind an evaluation effort. They are often program staff, supervisors, senior managers, and funders. * Secondary stakeholders  have less contact with the administrative side of the program, but are still important to the evaluation effort. They include program participants and their families; direct service staff; and possibly other professionals providing subsequent services to program participants. Tertiary stakeholders  are more distant but are likely to be interested in evaluation findings — for example, potential program participants, the general public, or members of the same profession (Innovation Network, 2002-2012). There are other issues that may arise as a result of the internal politics in our company that could have a negative impact on the project. The best thi ng to do is to reduce the risk of project failure due to internal issues. Many systems development problems are in practice caused by a failure to perceive that specific stakeholders’ viewpoints were relevant. That failure causes whole groups of requirements, typically those related to scenarios involving the missing stakeholders to be missed. A similar result is obtained when one stakeholder assumes one scope for a product while another stakeholder assumes another. This occurs when a developer assumes that it will be sufficient to design, code, and test software but the purchaser hopes to have everything set-up and operators trained (Butcher, 2011). Stakeholder composition is a good predictor of project risk and therefore it should be cost-effective to characterize projects at their initiation according to their stakeholder impact. SAI can minimize internal politics by fully evaluating each stakeholder and assuring them that their input is critical to the overall success of the project. Each stakeholder then becomes part of the project team and has a vested interest in ensuring the ultimate success of the project. Team meetings bring all of the stakeholders together to discuss differences and eliminate issues which would delay or derail the project. Each team member realizes that their participation is equally important within their area of specialization or expertise fully under their direct control and unchallenged by direct confrontation. In this manner, each team member must demonstrate how their participation and overall cooperation contributes to the overall success of the project (Butcher, 2011). ERP Project Failures and Lessons Learned Studying ERP project failures is an essential part of project success. By identifying the same or similar issues that lead to failure in one company, SAI can take steps to avoid or eliminate those problems as they arise. Case studies also provide a precursor to the foreseeable problems that occur in ERP implementation allowing SAI management an opportunity to prepare for these problems by formulating a contingency plan. ERP project failures are common but this not unique to ERP. Every system has glitches regardless of the quality of design or the expertise of design personnel (Butcher, 2011). In the Case Study for Implementation Failure at Hershey’s Chocolate it was established that Hershey’s failed to use an incremental method of implementation, instead installing full software during periods of peak business. The resulting disaster from inoperability due to bugs and glitches resulted in a loss of peak season revenue for Hershey’s. Both corporate management and IT staff developed an immediate dislike for the ERP implementation. This could easily have been avoided had Hershey’s implemented the new software on a step-by-step basis during the off season when sales and revenue would have been less dramatically affected (Butcher, 2011). Hershey’s also tried to implement a variety of enterprise applications simultaneously which added to the stress of a seemingly failed project. In fact, there was nothing wrong with the ERP software but its implementation was a complete failure as the company tried to modify their business processes to suit the enterprise application which created further problems. The lesson learned is that implementation should be conducted one step at a time, each successful Installation reinforcing management’s initial decision to purchase. The ERP problems at Hershey’s are commonly repeated where management fails to realize the complexity of implementation and the necessity to proceed cautiously and maintain focus (Butcher, 2011). Return on Investment and Total Cost of Ownership Some metrics that we can use to determine if the system was a success is a disciplined methodology has been developed called  total cost of ownership  (TCO). It is designed to properly analyze the full cost of an IT investment. In order to calculate TCO properly, all related costs must be identified and captured. TCO models organize costs into two broad categories: 1. Direct costs:  Costs in this category are usually for activities and investments that are related to IT or support. They can usually be calculated by examining the actual or projected costs of hardware, software, people, and facilities. 2. Indirect costs:  These costs are not always visible and can be very difficult to measure and quantify. This type of cost crosses the entire organization’s business operations. Some examples of these indirect costs are Administration, Downtime, and End-user operations (Devry, unknown). In order to measure the metrics and figure out when baselines should be determined, we should developed methodologies for determining TCO. The first methodology is the Project initiation. This can be one of the most critical phases of a project. The reason why is because the following are determined: the expectations of the client, the type of relationship the organization will ave with the client (This can influence the management costs. ), and the project’s scope. Ideally, the objectives of the project should be defined at this stage, and the categories for TCO can be aligned with these project objectives. To determine the impact of any deviations from initial projections, an up-to-date TCO should be maintained at all times (Devry, unknown). The second methodology is the Cost Modeling. Th rough the entire TCO process a major activity is the TCO cost analysis. This continues to be refined as new information becomes available during the project. This activity includes classifying the costs according to the financial policies of an organization as well as defining the financial model for the project. The third methodology is the Cost Collection. Once the financial and cost model has been determined, all available cost estimates are collected. Once these are entered into the financial model, a baseline is determined. The total cost of ownership that is presented in this deliverable should be considered a snapshot in time. It is important that all stakeholders understand this and that the TCO may or may not change substantially from this point forward (Devry, unknown). The fourth methodology is Evaluation/Final Report. This is the development of a TCO project deliverable that goes to the organization’s stakeholders and decision makers. It typically includes the final project evaluation and a correlation of all finding recommendations and results. The last methodology is Ongoing Refinement of the TCO Model. It is very rare for all costs and contract negotiations in a large project to be finalized at the same time. Additionally, an implementation plan usually cannot be determined at the same time as, or even immediately after, delivery of the final report. As a result, the TCO is an estimate of project costs based on the data and decisions available when the report was researched and written. As key decisions regarding rollout and implementation strategy are reached, the TCO model should be refined to include the most current project cost estimates (Devry, unknown). Another metrics that we can use to determine if the system was a success is Return on Investment (ROI). The ROI (return on investment) is how much profit or cost savings is gained. An ROI calculation is sometimes used along with other business practices to develop a business case for an IT proposal. The overall ROI for an enterprise is sometimes used to determine how well a company is managed. The work performed to determine the TCO can be used to calculate the ROI. Even though many TCO costs are long term, they can be applied solely to the initial investment or divided between the initial investment and serve as an adjustment to the final value. While both methods are valid, they can give different results; it is important that the organization establish a policy for ROI computations across all projects (Devry, unknown). One of the more difficult aspects of an ROI calculation is determining the soft, or â€Å"people† benefits. Three considerations that impact these soft benefits follow: * Speed of adoption:  This benefit considers how quickly employees come up to speed using the new process, system, technology, or tools provided by the implementation. It indicates how quickly employees demonstrate the new skills or behaviors and adapt to the new roles that are required by a change. * Ultimate utilization or participation rate:  This evaluates the percentage of employees that are engaged and practicing the new way of doing things. Surprisingly, in many implementations, employees can avoid actively participating in workflows and procedures, and this can undermine the project in subtle ways. * Proficiency:  As the change is implemented, this examines how proficient and effective the employees have become. Many times, this proficiency, or ability to better perform their job function, is a significant part of the change’s original motivation. It measures not just the status after the change, but the ongoing improvement to the organization with the new systems, tools, and processes in place and the organizational and job changes fully implemented. Some examples include the time saved in performing a particular operation while using the new system, the improved close rate for sales and contracts brought by the use of a competitive information database, and the amount of waste reduced by new streamlined activities or processes (Devry, unknown). Conclusion In conclusion, my recommendation to SAI Toys is that they need to hire more staff if they want to implement this executive directive. If they can’t afford it or can cope with integrating all of their IT systems, then I would suggest they stick to manufacturing the toys in-house and shipped to brick-and-mortar retailers, such as Best Buy and Target, as well as e-Commerce only sites, such as ThinkGeek. com and Buy. com.

Friday, November 8, 2019

British Imperialism in India essays

British Imperialism in India essays "All the leadership had spent their early years in England. They were influenced by British thought, British ideas, that is why our leaders were always telling the British "How can you do these things? Theyre against your own basic values.". We had no hatred, in fact it was the other way round - it was their values that made us revolt." -Aruna Asaf Ali, a leader of the Indian National Congress. There is no doubt that British imperialism had a large impact on India. India, having previously been an group of independent and semi-independent princedoms and territories, underwent great change under British administration. Originally intended to consolidate their hold on India by establishing a population that spoke the same language as their rulers, the British decision in the 1830s to educate Indians in a Western fashion, with English as the language of instruction, was the beginning of a chain of events, including a rise in Indian nationalism, that led to Indian resentment of British imperialism and ultimately to the loss of British control over India. One of the most important factors in the British loss of control over India was the establishment of English as a unifying language. Prior to British colonisation, India was fragmented and multi-lingual, with 15 major languages and around 720 dialects. English served as a common ground for Indians, and allowed separate cultural and ethnic groups to identify with each other, something which had rarely if ever occurred before on a grand scale. Although it was mainly educated Indians of a privileged caste who spoke English, these were the most influential people in terms of acting as facilitators for nationalist ideas to be communicated throughout the populace. The publication of magazines and journals in English was also a great influence on the rise of Indian nationalism. Although most Indians received nationalist ideas orally, these journals allowed Indians who were literate ...

Wednesday, November 6, 2019

Global Warming Cartoon Essays

Global Warming Cartoon Essays Global Warming Cartoon Paper Global Warming Cartoon Paper Global Warming Cartoon Analysis The man holding the sign cannot conclude the effects of climate change just by looking at the climate over a short time span. One heavy snowstorm is not enough evidence to conclude the effects of climate change. It is saying that scientists trying to prove global warming do not research thoroughly enough and often change their point of view. My reaction to this cartoon is that I disagree with the cartoon that we still do not know the effects of global warming. Numerous scientists have found substantial scientific evidence of the correlation of carbon dioxide and global arming. Although the effects of climate change cannot be concluded with the methods that the man holding the sign used, scientific experiments can use methods that take trends into account, making it much more accurate than just looking at the weather over a short period of time. An NBC article by Linda Carroll cites many credible sources of how human caused global warming is real. By comparing todays climate to another similar ancient event, scientists concluded that global warming is real, and we need to do something about it. :

Monday, November 4, 2019

4 questions Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

4 questions - Essay Example The author was trying to argue that taste and behavior do not necessarily emerge from structural positions rather individuals ascribe these features to socioeconomic positions to best accommodate the needs of the situations (For example vastly different tastes from people one wants to distance oneself from and similar tastes for people who they find similar). Whilst the author’s arguments are indeed convincing it still remains that much of the information gathered and analyzed is still based on personal observations and are still subject to observer biases. For this question we were requested to read Dà ¶rnyei, Z. (2007). Research Methods in Applied Linguistics and this text them back to what we have learned regarding quan/qual research. Dà ¶rnyei stated that the different nature of qualitative and quantitative research is in the fact that the latter refers to researchers who define the variables that they work with well in advance and assign numeric measurements to the variables so that this data can be codified and analyzed. Qualitative research is different insofar as the data is not necessarily numeric rather it can be verbal and as such the issue can be more flexible for investigation. In relation to research questions and hypothesis it can be the case that if the issue that one is going to research relies heavily on topics such as human interaction it may be the case that a qualitative approach could be utilized however if it is the case that something less reliant on human emotions or interactions one could utilize a quantitat ive approach. Moreover it can be the case that a mixed approach could be utilized for complex issues. In some respects the questionnaire is good insofar as the first question â€Å"Do you use fast-food services in the area† quickly identifies whether or not the interviewee is a suitable candidate (Presumibly if they

Friday, November 1, 2019

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy and Industrial Structure in Sweden Term Paper

Co-Evolution of Innovation Policy and Industrial Structure in Sweden - Term Paper Example   As interaction in the society gives rise to the development of institutions, manifold arbitrary behaviors ushers in those institutions which come in practice and thus become stereotyped norms of those institutions followed through time. So institutions become dire indicators of several outcomes of the many domains of the society. It is a general notion that the key indicators that promote economic development are the levels of investment, education, culture, governmental policies, income etc. But if rather viewing in a more magnified way, the social scientists of the modern world have claimed that it is the primary role of social institutions whereby the lieu of interaction between independent agents play a dominant role in accumulating valuable resources and fetching profits for the society. This notion of the institution acting as the primordial driving force of economic development is resonated in different arrangements of the society like property rights, microfinance, busine ss associations, the advice of developmental agencies in proposing minimal state intervention implying pro market paradigm etc. Institutional variations are a huge domain of study and focus in the modern industrialized world as it has been the real fact that the so-called differences between developed and developing nations have emerged. Many countries have emerged as superpowers and many countries are still stuck in a vicious circle of poverty and the main reason for this can be attributed to the diverse institutional innovation policies adopted and successfully implemented in the former case and lack of implementation of institutional innovation policies in the latter case. However, there are many instances of developing countries coming from the periphery and emerging as a nucleus of growth potential.  

Wednesday, October 30, 2019

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have Essay

Cochlear implants are a promising intervention for children who have hearing impairments. However, a fractious debate prevails c - Essay Example They believe that clinical trials have gray areas, which should be addressed before the implants are used on children. The varying viewpoints create a tug-of-war. Cochlear implants change the life of the deaf people in the mainstream society, but its gray areas in scientific research and clinical trials raise skepticism and arouse feelings the implants can destroy the deaf culture. The Cochlear Implant Debate Cochlear implants are the best solution for deafness in the current times. They are small electrical devices which in the inner ear. Cochlear implants stimulate the auditory nerves in the inner ear sending signals directly to the brain. According to James and colleagues (2005) and Papsin and Gordon (2007), cochlear implants can help children develop good language skills. They believe that implants at a young age stimulate the cochlear subsequently regaining its functions partially. In fact, cochlear implants preserve function of some ear cells. Gantz and colleagues point out ear preservation improves from 10% to 30% after cochlear implants. The deaf can live a normal life with cochlear implants. They can watch television, make calls and interact with other people freely. The self-esteem of the deaf improves remarkably allowing them to perform better in their school work and jobs. This has changed the lives of many people. Some who have made it to the university point out, they would not have made it that far without the implants (Blume, 2009). A study in an Australian school confirms children with cochlear implants improved in their school exams. They also interacted well with the other children improving their emotional and psychological wellbeing. Punch and Hyde (2011) also found out there was general acceptance of the children who got cochlear implants by other children. People who have experienced what it is to be deaf in a mainstream society appreciate Cochlear implants. Wilson and Dorman (2008) point out the deaf have major challenges communicating t o other people. They use the sign language which few people understand the meaning creating large communication barriers. Although cochlear implants improve the lives of many people, some deaf people detest them. The major school of though here is cochlear implant surgery pose major health risks. According to them, the surgery is done around sensitive body organs. Balkany and Gantz confirm cochlear implant surgery is done around major nerves, including those responsible for facial movements. Doctors performing the surgery may tough the nerves inappropriately by accident compromising their function. The face of the person would be inclined towards the side the surgery was done. In addition, the remaining good cells in the ears could be damaged leading to worse deafness or diseases (U.S Food and Drug Administration, 2013). Researchers and surgeons agree cochlear implants surgery risks infectious diseases like pneumococcal meningitis. Risks are high if the patient is not immunized agai nst the pneumococcal bacteria. Children are at higher risks of getting the condition compared to adults. Surgeons are cautioned to know the history of the patient well before starting the surgery. However, surgery cannot be delayed because a patient is not immunized against the pneumococcal bacteria (Medical and Healthcare Products regulatory Agency, 2013). It is worth noting cochlear implant beneficiaries have to live a cautious life. The implants are made of metals, which can set off alarm systems, metal

Monday, October 28, 2019

Organisational structures Essay Example for Free

Organisational structures Essay An organisation can be defined as a group of people who work over a period of time together to achieve a common goal or objective. An organisational structure can be classified into a number of different types, examples are listed below: * Tall, flat, hierarchal * Line structures * Line and staff structures * Centralised and decentralised structures * Matrix structures Mars Confectionery in Slough comprises two factories and an office, all of which are situated in Slough Trading Estate. Their factories operate around the clock, 24 hours a day. The two main types of chart are a flat organisational chart and a tall organisational chart. A flat organisational chart is used when a company have very little hierarchy; there are few levels of authority and more departments. A tall organisational chart shows the hierarchical structure of the organisation, the different levels of authority. 2.4a Flat Organisational Charts- A flat organisational chart is when an organisation has very little hierarchy, there are few levels of authority. Mars have a tall organisational structure and also a tall hierarchal structure. The managing Director is at the top and below are seven departments. Each department is made up of a team. Flat Tall The advantages of an organisational chart is that is shows the position of your company at a particular time- needs reviewing. It can show anomalies and efficiency- shows faults in fundamental structure. It also shows new employees and shows a broad outline of the company and where they fit in. It is also essential for the day to day planning. The disadvantages are that it shows formal organisation- not personalities (people mould job). And it may lead to disputes if not applied rigidly. It also shows that companies status at only one point in time (when the chart is being drawn). After it has been drawn a new employee may start up at the organisation and then the old chart would need to be upgraded. This type of structure provides possibilities for promotion for any staff. Mars use critical thinking this is where managers are looking to promote someone with initiative, who can handle difficult situations and make the right decisions quickly. An organisational chart is a diagrammatic presentation of the structure of an organisation, showing the department within that organisation e.g. Finance, RD, Administration, Personnel, Marketing, Sales Logistics and Production. An organisational chart also shows the level of responsibility and authority for individuals or departments, it also shows the span of control, so the number of people a person in supervising. At Mars they operate a line structure is the relationship between a senior and a subordinate at any level within the organisation. This is simple to understand so staff know exactly where they are in the structure. Managers will also have a clear understanding of the roles of people when allocating work. A centralised organisation is when decisions are made at the top of the organisation and the activities are shared out centrally. The advantage of centralisation are that the senior management is aware of how both internal external factors are likely to affect individual departments and the organisation in general. Decentralised structures are used when managers or supervisors take the authority in decisions The Mars decentralised because the head of each department has the authority to make decisions; therefore this saves time allow managers to take control of the work undertaken by their department and motivates staff because they have more responsibility. A matrix structure can be used by Mars when they are going to develop or launch a new product as it enable people from each functional area in order to complete the task. There are six types of organisational structures, which are line structures, staff structures, Functional structures, matrix structures, Centralised and De-Centralisation. 2.4b Line Structures Each unit is a microcosm of the whole. Each unit will have its own specialised staff carrying out the specialist management function. In a line structure, a company is usually organised into functional department, each headed by a senior manager, below whom is a chain of command. This shows there is a line of authority and responsibility as you go down the structure. For example, in Mars in the production department the line may pass down from production director to production manager, quality control, plant manager, process control, production supervisors and finally operatives. Each person in the line has authority of the one below. The advantages of a line structure is that it is simple to understand because staff know exactly where they are in the structure. Managers in Mars have a clear understanding of the roles of people when allocating work and spend less time monitoring work because subordinates are not distracted or confused by instructions from other sources. A well establishes line authority makes it possible for work to be delegated further down the line. Mars would use the line structure as it is simple to understand because staff know exactly where they are in the structure. The disadvantages are that it can involve a very long chain of command. Instructions may take a considerable amount of time to filter from the top and impact on the functional department, which would be a major drawback on a company in a rapidly changing market. Individuals may only respond to commands from their direct superior. The flow of information up the chain of command may take a long time, causing delays. 2.4c Staff Structures The senior management In Mars have a team of advisors to help them co-ordinate the activities of the whole organisation. A Mars member with the staff authority can provide services and advice to those in the line of authority in other departments. The training and recruitment of Human Resources management department are bound to involve other departments. Senior staff of Mars in the production department may have staff authority in the purchasing department. Mars staff in the finance department may have staff authority across all departments. Managers within Mars do not have the power or authority to control or give instructions, but rather the authority to deal with other departments and offer advice and services in relation to their problems. The advantages of staff structures are that it enables expertise and experience of specialists to be used to a greater extent across the Mars organisation. By having access to all areas of the business managers with staff authority can coordinate the organisations objectives and ensure a more immediate response to changes in technology or market conditions. Staff authority prevents individual departments from being too inward looking. In Mars it makes communication more efficient, without staff authority, communications between departments are a director level, and so any inter departmental communication ahs to pass up the chain of command in one department to director level and then down the other before it reaches the appropriate level. The disadvantages of a line and staff structure are that there is a risk that staff authority may diminish the authority of individuals in line management, particularly is those with staff functions acquire informal power and authority. In Mars this can lead to some subordinates becoming confused about whether they should take instructions from and be responsible to their line managers with staff authority. It can lead to clashes of personality and options. This may strain relations between staff, affecting productivity and morale. 2.4d Matrix Structures A matrix structure is an organisational structure set out as a grid, which shows the different ways an individual can be affected by authority. Here the projects need a variety of people from each functional area and there will be two managers that individual employees will have to report to. The advantages of the matrix structure are; making sure there is co-ordination between departments this is because it moves into the boundaries of each department boundary. This encourages greater flexibility and creativity, which is produced by the cross-fertilisation of knowledge and skills. It also enables lower staff to gain experience in management of a project team, which could be preparing them for promotion to become a higher manager. A disadvantage, however is that it can lead to confusion between project teams as individuals are involved in a large number of different relationships which create a complex pattern of authority and responsibility. In Mars they use a matrix structure which consists of specialist expertise who concentrate in specialist departments. Specialist staff are allocated to work on specialist projects. Project managers in Mars are responsible for completing the project calling on departmental specialise as they are needed. Promotion to higher levels of management is primarily based on technical expertise- merit or seniority. Communication chains are primarily downloaded and take the from of instructions and commands. This is an example of a Matrix structure used in Mars: Chief Executive The Mars Organisation structure is a grid showing the different ways an individual can be affected by authority. Here the projects need authority of people from each functional area and individuals will have to report to two managers. Organisational structures are divided by 1 product, 2 process, 3 customer, 4 geographical area. Division by product is when the organisation is separated by product lines. The advantages of a Mars matrix organisational structure is that it promotes an increased coordination between departments because it cuts across departmental boundaries-it encourages greater flexibility and creativity produced by cross fertilisation of knowledge and skills. It also allows for the involvement of relatively junior staff in Mars, giving them valuable experience in a wider field for the expression and application of their popular skills. The staff lower down the line structure can also gain valuable management development in a project team, preparing them for promotion. The involvement from specialists in other areas reduces the risks of resources being wasted on projects with no future. Matrix structures do have their disadvantages, the existence of a matrix structure in Mars and project teams can lead to confusion as individuals are involved in a large number of different relationships creating a complex pattern of authority and responsibility. A line manager may resent a subordinate receiving orders from anyone other than him or herself. 2.4e Centralised Organisations A centralised organisation is when decisions are made at the top of the organisation and the activities are carried out centrally. E.g. if a item needs to be purchased then all the purchases must go through the purchasing team. NO BODY has the authority to purchase separate items. Mars is not an example of a centralised organisation. Centralisation is where an organisation carries out its activities centrally in the business, so for example if an organisation wished to purchase equipment the purchasing department would carry it out, because no one else has the authority to do that. Most of the decisions are taken by employees at the top of the organisation and further down, they dont need to make decisions. An advantage of centralisation is the fact that the management team is aware of how much internal and external factors effect each individual department and the organisations general, meaning decisions can be made, based on what Mars needs as a whole. 2.4f De-Centralisation Is when each department manager has the ability to organise his own services making the decision on a day to day bases for his functional area. Mars is an example of a decentralised organisation; because the authority to make decisions on many activities is put to managers and sometimes maybe even supervisors, which is what takes place in Mars. This means that each department manager has the ability to organise there own services, making the decision on a day to day basis for their functional area. 2.4g The relationship between Culture and structure and management: There is a clear relationship between the structure and the culture of the Mars organisation. Tall organisations tend to have a culture based on a them and us attitude, which depends on where individuals stand in the hierarchy. There is likely to be a authoritarian culture. Mars have a tall organisational structure and also a tall hierarchal structure. The managing Director is at the top and below are seven departments. Each department is made up of a team. This means that an organisational chart shows the position of your company at a particular time- needs reviewing. It can show anomalies and efficiency- shows faults in fundamental structure. It also shows new employees and shows a broad outline of the company and where they fit in. It is also essential for the day to day planning Flat organisations tend to be more democratic, with multi directional flows of communication between organisational members, there is more likely to be a team approach. Matrix structures are more democratic than tall organisations. In the matrix people will mix with people from more than one functional area, so there is less likely to be a situation where departments become defensive of their territories. The matrix involves process teams this creates bonds between its team members and development of ideas. Hierarchical organisations are based on a top down approach which a main emphasis on communication. Centralised organisations are likely to lead a power based authoritarian structure. The centre of the organisation or team leaders will make or major dictions of the company. Distrust may be a major aspect from the centre of the organisation, people not involved or surrounded by the decision makers ill feel pushed out and unwelcome. An advantage of centralisation is the fact that the management team is aware of how much internal and external factors effect each individual department and the organisations general, meaning decisions can be made, based on what Mars needs as a whole. Decentralised organisations are most likely to be based on democratic structures teamwork and empowerment. Mars are not Delayering they are not laying people off when they want a flat organisational structure. This has not happened in Mars but this has happened in Nestle in 2002 who closed plants and made redundancies.